Childhood in America
Mary Ann Mason & Paula Fass, Editors
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Introduction: Childhood in America: Past and Present
Paula S. Fass and Mary Ann Mason
PART 1. Childbirth and Infancy -- 9
- Before the Birth of One of Her Children -- 11
Anne Bradstreet - Women as Childbearers, 1650-1750 -- 12
Catherine M. Scholten - Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America -- 16
Judith Walzer Leavitt - Mothers' Sacred Duty: Breast-Feeding Patterns among Middle- and Upper-Class Women in theAntebellum South -- 20
Sally McMillen - Reconstructing Motherhood: The La Leche League in Postwar America -- 23
Lynn Y. Weiner - Amazing Births: Medical History in "Miracle" Births -- 29
Charles Petit - Woman Gives Birth to Baby Conceived outside the Body -- 32
New York Times - The Eggs, Embryos, and I -- 35
Melissa Moore Bodin - The Egg Women -- 38
Margaret Talbot - Choosing Childlessness -- 41
Newsweek - Thoughts on Child Rearing -- 44
Anne Bradstreet - The Use of Reason in Child Rearing -- 45
John Locke - Toys -- 49
Maria Edgeworth - The Cry -- 52
L. Emmett Holt - Too Much Mother Love -- 54
John B. Watson - The Mother-Child Dyad Revisited: Perceptions of Mothers and Children in Twentieth-Century Child-Rearing Manuals -- 56
Nancy Pottishman Weiss - Child Science and the Rise of the Experts
Joseph M. Hawes - The Construction of Reality in the Child -- 64
Jean Piaget - Understanding the Infant -- 67
Jerome Kagan - Mothers and Fathers Working and Rearing Children -- 72
T. Berry Brazelton
PART 2. Boys and Girls -- 77 - In Reference to Her Children, 23 June, 1659 -- 79
Anne Bradstreet - Breeching Little Frank -- 82
A. North - Suits and Frocks -- 83
Karin Culvert - American Girlhood in the Nineteenth Century -- 87
Anne Scott MacLeod - Nineteenth-Century Boys' Literature -- 90
Daniel T. Rodgers - Briar Rose -- 95
The Brothers Grimm - Little Women -- 98
Louisa May Alcott - Nancy Drew and the Secret of the Old Clock -- 100
Carolyn Keene - The Sexual Life of the Child -- 102
Sigmund Freud - Feminine Psychology -- 104
Karen Homey - Male and Female: Sex and Temperament -- 108
Margaret Mead - Infantile Sexuality -- 110
Erik H. Erikson - Moral Reasoning in Girls and Boys -- 116
Carol Gilligan - How Schools Shortchange Girls -- 119
American Association of University Women Report
P A R T 3. Adolescence and Youth -- 123 - Courtship and Gender Differences -- 125
Ellen K. Rothman - Children's Voices from the Civil War -- 129
Emmy E. Werner - Adolescence in Historical Perspective -- 132
John Demos and Virginia Demos - The Physiology and Psychology of Adolescence -- 139
G. Stanley Hall - Compulsory Schooling and Parent-Adolescent Relations -- 142
Stephen A. Lassonde - The Natural History of the Gang --146
Frederic M. Thrasher - Adolescent Girls in Samoa and America -- 149
Margaret Mead - Identity, Youth, and Crisis -- 153
Erik H. Erikson - Anorexia Nervosa in the 1980's -- 161
Joan Jacobs Brumberg - Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls -- 166
Mary Pipher - Families Started by Teenagers -- 169
Jane Mauldon - Why the Young Kill -- 177
Sharon Begley - Petting -- 181
F. Scott Fitzgerald - The Member of the Wedding -- 183
Carson McCullers - Manchild in the Promised Land -- 187
Claude Brown - Becoming a Man: Half a Life Story -- 191
Paul Monette - Adulthood? Later, Dude! -- 196
D. James Romero
PART 4. Discipline -- 201 - Family Life in Plymouth Colony -- 203
John Demos - Protecting Children from Abusing Masters -- 206
Colonial Documents - Inculcating Self-Discipline -- 208
John Locke - Introducing Children into the Social Order -- 211
Carl N. Degler - A Milder and Warmer Family Government -- 216
Horace Bushnell - Learning Self-Control -- 218
Louisa May Alcott - The Life of a Slave Child -- 221
James W. C. Pennington - Managing Young Children -- 223
Benjamin Spock - Corporal Punishment -- 227
North Carolina Middle District Court - Cracking Down on Kids -- 229
Annette Fuentes
PART 5. Working Children -- 235 - Fathers/Masters: Children/Servants -- 237
Mary Ann Mason - Children's Involuntary Labor -- 241
Colonial Documents - Apprentices, Servants, and Child Labor -- 244
Colonial Documents - Children and Manufacture's
Alexander Hamilton - Choosing a Trade -- 249
Benjamin Franklin - Children in the Mills -- 251
August Kohn - Children at Work in the City -- 253
David Nasaw - A Child Worker in the Garment Industry -- 256
Rose Cohen - The Changing Social Value of Children -- 260
Viviana A. Zelizer - Coming of Age in Mississippi -- 263
Anne Moody - Children and the New Deal -- 265
Paula S. Fass - American Children in the Second World War -- 269
Robert William Kirk - Child Labor and the Law -- 272
U.S. Supreme Court - Working Children in Contemporary Chinatown -- 275
Samuel G. Freedman
PART 6. Learning -- 281 - Education and the Concept of Childhood -- 283
Philippe Aries - Family Instruction in Early Massachusetts -- 286
Colonial Document - A Puritan Education -- 288
Edmund S. Morgan - Emile -- 292
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Moral Education for Citizenship -- 294
Carl F. Kaestle - The Education of Mary Anna Longstreth -- 296
Harvey J. Gruff - Tom Sawyer's Examination Day -- 298
Mark Twain - The Child and the Curriculum -- 303
John Dewey - Testing the IQ of Children -- 307
Paula S. Fass - For the Love of Books -- 313
Richard Wright - School Desegregation -- 318
U.S. Supreme Court - Education in the Post-Sputnik Era -- 321
Diane Ravitch - Children of Crisis -- 326
Robert Coles - Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez -- 331
Richard Rodriguez - The Quest for Clarity -- 333
Jerome S. Bruner - Children and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act -- 337
Albert Shanker - The Theory of Multiple Intelligences -- 339
Hozvard Gardner - Mother's Little Helper: Ritalin and Attention Deficit Disorder -- 243
LynNell Hancock, Pat Wingert, Mary Hager, Claudia Kalb, Karen Springen, and Dante Chinni
PART 7. Children without Parents -- 347 - Kidnapping and White Servitude -- 349
Abbot Emerson Smith - Orphans' Court -- 352
Lois Green Cumin - Abraham Lincoln and Sarah Bush Lincoln -- 355
David Herbert Donald - A Childhood in Slavery -- 357
Frederick Douglass - Placing Orphan Children with Farm Families -- 359
Charles Loring Brace and His Critics - Huckleberry Finn -- 367
Mark Twain - Shadow of the Plantation: Separation and Adoption -- 371
Charles S. Johnson - Surviving the Breakup: How Children Respond to Divorce -- 374
Judith S. Wallerstein and Joan Berlin Kelly - Solomon's Children: The New Biologism, Psychological Parenthood, Attachment Theory, and the Best Interests Standard -- 381
Arlene Skolnick - Fit to Be a Parent? -- 387
Mary Ann Mason - Lesbian Parents in Custody Disputes -- 391
California Court of Appeal - Surrogacy and Child Custody -- 395
California Supreme Court - Teenage Voices from Foster Care -- 399
Autobiographical Documents - Foster Care and the Politics of Compassion -- 404
Nanette Schomer - Orphanage Revival Gains Ground -- 410
Katharine Q. Seelye
PART 8. The Vulnerable Child -- 415 - Waifs of the City's Slums -- 417
Jacob A. Riis - Preserving the Home -- 422
Conference Document - The Mothers' Aid Movement -- 424
Documents from the Child Welfare Movement - Infant Mortality -- 427
Charles R. King - Polio -- 432
U.S. News & World Report - "Welcome to Willowbrook" -- 436
Geraldo Rivera - Kidnapping in Contemporary America -- 438
Paula S. Fass - The Last Frontier in Child Abuse -- 444
Suzanne M. Sgroi - By Silence Betrayed: The Sexual Abuse of Children in America -- 449
John Crewdson - Miscounting Social Ills -- 453
Neil Gilbert - Psychiatric Hospitals for Juveniles? -- 456
Sylvia Ann Hewlett - Couple Held in Beating of Daughter -- 459
Todd S. Purdum - A Glimpse into a Hell for Helpless Infants -- 462
New York Times - An Infant's Death, an Ancient "Why?" -- 466
Jan Hoffman - Media Violence and Children -- 469
Hillary Rodham Clinton - A Teenage Voice from Foster Care -- 473
Autobiographical Document
PART 9. Sexuality -- 479 - The Turn of the Screw -- 481
Henry James - Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture -- 488
James R. Kincaid - Polymorphous Perversity -- 491
Sigmund Freud - Delinquent Daughters: The Age-of-Consent Campaign -- 494
Mary E. Odem - Coming of Age in Samoa -- 499
Margaret Mead - Preadolescent Sexuality -- 500
Kinsey Institute for Sex Research - Lolita -- 511
Vladimir Nabokov - The Disappearance of Childhood: The Total Disclosure Medium -- 515
Neil Postman - The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory -- 518
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson - The Unraveling of a Monstrous Secret -- 521
Marla Williams and Dee Norton - On Prison Computer, Files to Make Parents Shiver -- 524
Nina Bernstein - The Politics of Parental Notification -- 530
Mans A. Vinovskis
PART 10. The Child and the State -- 535 - The Family in the Social Order -- 537
Colonial Document - The Child-Saving Movement -- 539
Jacob A. Riis - The Progressive-Era Transformation of Child Protection,1900-1920 -- 543
Linda Gordon - The State as Superparent -- 549
Mary Ann Mason - The Children's Bureau -- 555
Government Documents - The Establishment of Juvenile Courts -- 559
Susan Tiffin - Juvenile Court and the Artistry of Approach -- 566
Ben B. Lindsey and Rube Borough - The Children's Charter -- 570
White House Conference Document - The First Amendment in School -- 573
U.S. Supreme Court - Juveniles' Right to Due Process -- 578
U.S. Supreme Court - Punishing Very Young Criminals -- 585
Peter Fimnite - Vote for Eighteen-Year-Olds: What Justices Said on Both Sides -- 587
U.S. News & World Report - The Right to Vote -- 591
U.S. Constitution - Now That the Voting Age Is Lower... -- 592
U.S. News & World Report - Contraception -- 594
U.S. Supreme Court - Abortion -- 596
U.S. Supreme Court - Mental Health and the Rights of the Child -- 599
U.S. Supreme Court - Visitation Rights -- 603
Illinois Appellate Court - A Voice for the Child? -- 609
Mary Ann Mason - United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child -- 612
U.N. Document
PART 11. The Child's World -- 617 - The Material Culture of Early Childhood: The Upright Child -- 619
Kanin Culvert - My Life in the South -- 625
Jacob Stroyer - A Russian Jewish Girlhood on the Lower East Side -- 627
Rose Cohen - Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America -- 632
Mary Paik Lee - Call It Sleep -- 637
Henry Roth - Young Lonigan -- 642
James T. Farrell - Growing Up Native American: The Language We Know -- 646
Simon Ortiz - Down These Mean Streets -- 649
Pin Thomas - I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings -- 653
Maya Angelou - China Boy -- 657
Gus Lee - Talking to High Monks in the Snow: An Asian American Odyssey -- 663
Lydia Yuni Minatoya - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer -- 666
Mark Twain - The Days Gone By -- 669
James Whitcomb Riley - The Wizard of Oz -- 670
L. Frank Baum - Anne of Green Gables -- 673
L. M. Montgomery - The Sneetches -- 676
Dr. Seuss - Snozzcumbers -- 679
Roald Dahl - American Children and Their Books -- 684
Gillian Avery - Children in Fiction and Fact -- 690
Anne Scott MacLeod - Kids' Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood -- 694
Gary Cross - What Makes Nick Tick: Nickelodeon Is a Sensibility, a World, an All-Empowering Club. It's CNN for Children -- 697
Don Steinberg - Children's Literary Voices -- 700
Merlyn's Pen
Sources 704
Index 715
About the Editors 725
